PHP

1. Expressions and Control Statements in PHP

1. What is web application?

• A Web application is a computer software or program that performs some specific tasks at its client by using a Web browser.
• The Web-based applications are also known as Web apps.
• Web applications are usually based on the client-server architecture where the client input/request data while the server stores and responds with result.

3. What is PHP?

• PHP is a widely used open source language that is specifically used for web application development and can be embedded within HTML.
• PHP is a server-side scripting language that is used in Web based applications.
• PHP is a general-purpose programming language originally designed for web application development. PHP is a recursive. acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".

4. Enlist features of PHP.

• Web Application Features - PHP is a programming language support most commonly used Web application features like HTTP Cookie, Session, File Upload, etc.
• CLI (Command Line Interface) - PHP is commonly used to write Web applications to be integrated to Web servers using the Common Gateway Interface (CGI).
• Built-in Modules - The standard PHP build comes with many free and open source libraries included as built-in modules.
• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) - PHP supports object-oriented programming features like object.
• Pre-Compilation - PHP Web applications are usually deployed in source code, which will be interpreted on-the-fly when Web requests arrive to the server.
• Real Time Access Monitoring - PHP provides access logging by creating the summary of recent accesses for the user.
• File I/O - PHP supports most commonly used file I/O features like local file and path management, remote resource access using Internet protocols like HTTP and FTP.

5. What is variable? How to declare it? Explain with example.

• PHP variables are nothing but a named storage locations in the memory.
• A variable is a named container in a PHP script in which a data value can be stored.
• A variable starts with the ($) sign, followed by the name of the variable.

• Syntax - $var

  .php

  $var = "Hello World";
  echo $var;
  

  O/P

  Hello World
  

6. Explain constants in PHP with example.

• A PHP script is executed on the server, and the plain HTML result is sent back to the browser.
• A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document. A PHP programming script starts with <?php and ends with ?>.
• The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".

• A PHP file normally contains HTML tags and some PHP scripting code.

  .php

  <?phh
  $var = "Hello World"
  echo $var;
  ?>
  

  O/P

  Hello World
  

7. What are the decision statements used by PHP?

if statement

<?php
$x = -12;

if ($x > 0) {
  echo "The number is positive";
}

else{
  echo "The number is negative";
}
?>

O/P

The number is negative

if else statement

<?php
$x = "August";

if ($x == "January") {
  echo "Happy Republic Day";
} elseif ($x == "August") {
  echo "Happy Independence Day!!!";
} else {
  echo "Nothing to show";
}
?>

O/P

Happy Independence Day!!!

Nested if statement

<?php
$a = 10;
$b = 20;

if ($a == 10) {
  if ($b == $20) {
      echo "The addiotion is: ".($a + b);
  }
}
?>

O/P

The addition is 30

switch case statement

<?php
$n = "Monday";

switch($n) {
  case "Monday":
    echo "Its Monday";
    break;
  case "Tuesday":
    echo "Its Tuesday";
    break;
  case "Wednesday":
    echo "Its Wednesday";
    break;
  case "Thuesday":
    echo "Its Thuesday";
    break;
  case "Friday":
    echo "Its Friday";
    break;
  case "Saturday":
    echo "Its Saturday";
    break;
  case "Sunday":
    echo "Its Suday";
    break;
  default:
    echo "Doesn't exist";
}
?>

O/P

Its Monday

8. Describe loops in PHP.

while statement

<?php
$num = 0;

while ($num <= 10) {
  echo $num;
  $num++;
}
?>

O/P

012345678910

do while statement

<?php
$x = 1;

do {
  echo "The number is: $x <br>";
  $x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>

O/P

The number is: 1
The number is: 2
The number is: 3
The number is: 4
The number is: 5

for loop

<?php
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {
  echo $i." ";
}
?>

O/P

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

10. Define the term expressions with example.

• An expression is a piece of code that evaluates to a value.
• A value a number, a string of text, or a Boolean.
• An expression is a combination of values, variables, operators, and functions that results in a value.
• Like $z = $x+$y, where $x + $y is the expression.

11. Describe data types in PHP in detail.

• A data type is defined as, "a set of values and the allowable operations on those values".
• The data type determines the operations that we can perform on it.
• PHP supports eight primitive types:
  • Four Scalar Types:
  • Integer - The integer data type is used to specify a numeric value.
  • Float - Floating point numbers are real numbers, representing numeric values with decimal digits.
  • String - A string is a sequence of characters where a character is the same as a byte.
  • Boolean - .Boolean value can be either TRUE value or FALSE value.
  • Two Compound Types:
  • Array - An array stores group of values under single variable name.
  • Object - PHP supports Object Oriented Programming (OOP).
  • Two Special Types:
  • Resource - The resource is a special PHP data type that refers to external resource (e.g. file, image etc.).
  • Null - The null value represents a variable that has no value.

12. Explain variable scope in PHP.

• Scope of variable is an area or part of program in which it is accessible/visible.

• There are two type of scope in PHP:

  • Local Scope - A variable which is declared inside the function is called as local variable.

  • Global Scope - Variables declared outside function are by default global variables and can accessed from any part of program.

    .php

    <?php
    $a = "Hello" // Global Scope
    
    function func() {
    $b = "World"; // Local scope
    }
    

13. Write the difference between break and continue statement of PHP with example.

break

• You have already seen the break statement used in an earlier chapter of this tutorial. It was used to "jump out" of a switch statement.

• The break statement can also be used to jump out of a loop.

  .php

  <?php
  for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x++) {
  if ($x == 4) {
  break;
  }
  echo $x." ";
  }
  ?>
  

  O/P

  0 1 2 3
  

continue

• The continue statement breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a specified condition occurs, and continues with the next iteration in the loop.

  .php

  <?php
  for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x++) {
  if ($x == 4) {
  continue;
  }
  echo $x." ";
  }
  ?>
  

  O/P

  0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9
  

16. Find output:

<?php
  $a= "9 Lives." -1;
  var_dump($a);
?>

17. Find the output.

<?php
  $str = "welcome";
  echo "You are $str";
?>

O/P

You are welcome

18. Write program to find a area of rectangle.

<?php
 $length = 14;
 $width = 12;
 echo "area of rectangle is $length * $width= " . ($length * $width) . "<br />";
?>

O/P

area of rectangle is 14 * 12= 168

2. Arrays, Function and Graphics

2. How to create an array? Explain with example.

• An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time.

• To create array we use array() function.

  .php

  <?php
  $array = array("Hello", "World");
  print_r($array);
  

  O/P

  Array ( [0] => "Hello", [1] => "World" )
  

3. What is string?

• A string is collection of characters.

• A string is series of characters, where a character is the same as a byte.

  .php

  <?php
  $string = "Hello World";
  ?>
  

4. What is function?

• A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program.

• A function will be executed by a call to the function.

  .php

  <?php
  function func() {
  echo "Hello World";
  }
  func();
  ?>
  

  O/P

  Hello World
  

5. How to extract data from array? Explain with example.

• The extract() function imports variables into the local symbol table from an array.

• This function uses array keys as variable names and values as variable values. For each element it will create a variable in the current symbol table.

  .php

  <?php
  $color["red"] = "#rrr";
  extract($color);
  echo $red;
  

  O/P

  #rrr
  

6. Enlist types of arrays. Describe with example.

Indexed array

Indexed Arrays are arrays in which the elements are ordered based on index.

<?php
$a = array("Red", "Blue", "Green");
echo "My fav color is: ".$a[0];

O/P

My fav color is: Red

Associative Arrays

Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign to them.

<?php
$a = array("Red"=>1, "Blue"=>2, "Green"=>3);
echo $a["Red"].$a["Blue"],$a["Green"];

O/P

123

Multidimensional array

A multidimensional array is an array containing one or more arrays.

<?php
$a = array(array("Red", "Blue", "Green"));
echo "My fav color is: ".$a[0][1];

O/P

My fav color is: Blue

8. How to add image in PHP? Explain with example.

<?php
$image = imagecreatetruecolor(500, 300);
imagefilledrectangle($image, 20, 20, 480, 280);
header("Content-type: image/png");
imagepng($image);
?>

14. With the help of example describe traversing of array.

Traversing an array means to visit each and every element of array using a looping structure and iterator functions.

<?php
$a = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
foreach ($a as $n) {
  echo $n;
}

O/P

12345

16. Which operations performed on string in PHP?

• strrev() - Reverses a string.
• strpos() - Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string.
• strrpos() - Finds the position of the last occurrence of a string.
• str_replace() - Replaces some characters in a string.
• ucwords() - Converts the first character of each word in a string to uppercase.
• strtoupper() - Converts a string to uppercase letters.
• strtolower() - Converts a string to lowercase letters.
• strcmp() - Compares two strings.
• str_word_count() - Count the number of words in a string.

• strlen() - Returns the length of a string.

  .php

  <?php
  strrev("Hello World");
  strpos("Hello World", "Hello");
  strrpos("Hello World", "Hello");
  str_replace("Hello", "Bye", "Hello World");
  ucwords("hello world");
  strtoupper("Hello World");
  strtolower("Hello World");
  strcmp("Hello World", "Hello World");
  str_word_count("Hello World");
  strlen("Hello World");
  

  O/P

  dlroW olleH
  0
  0
  Bye World
  Hello World
  HELLO WORLD
  hello world
  0
  2
  11
  

18. Explain the following types of functions with example:

(i) User defined functions

A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program.

<?php
function func() {
  echo "Hello World";
}

O/P

Hello World

(ii) Variable function

If a variable name has parentheses appended to it, PHP will look for a function with the same name as whatever the variable evaluates

<?php
function func() {
  echo "Hello World";
}

$f = "func";
$f();

O/P

Hello World

(iii) Anonymous function.

Anonymous function is a function without any user defined name.

<?php
$func = function () { echo "Hello World"; };
$func();

O/P

Hello World

18. How to create PDF in PHP? Describe with example.

<?php
require('fpdf.php');
$pdf = new FPDF();
$pdf->AddPage();
$pdf->SetFont('Arial', 'B', 16);
$pdf->Cell(40, 10, "Hello World");
$pdf->Output();
?>

19. How to scaling an image in PHP?

<?php
$image = imagecreatefrompng("image.png");
$img = imagescale($image, 500, 500);
header("Content-type: image/png");
imagepng($img);

20. Explain array_flip() function with example.

• The array_flip() function flips/exchanges all keys with their associated values in an array.

• Syntax - array_flip($array)

  .php

  <?php
  $a = array("Hello", "World");
  print_r(array_flip($a));
  

  O/P

  Array ( [Hello] => 0, [World] => 1 )
  

3. Apply Object Oriented Concepts in PHP

1. What is OOP?

• In object oriented programming, everything will be around the objects and class.
• By using OOP in PHP we can create modular web application.
• By using OOP in PHP we can perform any activity in the object model structure.
• OPP helps in building complex, reusable web applications.
• Object Oriented is an approach to software development that models application around real world objects such as employees, cars, bank accounts, etc.
• A class defines the properties and methods of a real world object.
• An object is an occurrence of a class.

2. What is object?

• An object is an instance or occurrence of a class.
• Anything in the world is an object like laptop, books, car etc. even object has two thing properties and behaviors.
• The data associated with an object are called its properties.
• The functions associated with an object are called its methods.
• We can group similar objects with the same characteristics and behaviors in into one class.

5. What is inheritance?

• The old class is the base class, also called as parent class or super class, and the new class is the derived class also called as child class or sub class.
• The derived class has its own variables and methods plus variables and methods from the base class.

• The extends keyword is used for the inheritance.

  .php

  <?php
  class Class1 {
  function func() {
  echo "Hello World";
  }
  }
  
  class Class2 extends Class1 {
  function echo() {
  echo "Bye World";
  }
  }
  
  $o = new Class2;
  $o->func();
  $o->echo();
  

O/P

Hello World
Bye World

6. Describe method overloading with example.

If the derived class is having the same method name as the base class then the method in the derived class takes precedence over or overrides the base class method.

<?php
class First {
  function func() {
    echo "Hello World";
  }
}

class Second extends First {
  function func() {
    echo "Bye World";
  }
}

$o = new Second;
$o->func();

7. Explain sleep and wakeup functions?

• These functions are used to notify objects that they are being serialized or unserialised.

__sleep()

• serialize() checks if our class has a function with the magic name sleep().
• If so, that function is executed prior (i.e. just before) to any serialization.

__wakeup()

• unserialize() checks for the presence of a function with the magic name ___ wakeup().

• If present, this function can reconstruct any resources that the object may have.

  .php

  <?php
  class Obj {
  function __sleep() {
  $this->name = "Jonney";
  echo "Obj is serialize()";
  return array("name");
  }
  
  function __wakeup() {
  echo "Obj is unserialize()";
  }
  }
  
  $o = new Obj;
  $s = serialize($o);
  unserialize($s);
  ?>
  

O/P

Obj is serialize()
Obj is unserialize()

__call

• The __call() method is invoked automatically when a non-existing method or inaccessible method is called.

• The __call() method accepts two arguments:

  • $name is the name of the method that is being called by the object.

  • $arguments is an array of arguments passed to the method call.

    .php

    <?php
    class Obj {
    function __call($method, $parameters) {
    print_r($method);
    print_r($parameters);
    }
    }
    
    $o = new Obj;
    $o->hello("World");
    

O/P

hello
Array ( [0] => "World" )

8. What serialization in PHP?

• Serialization of data means converting it into a string of bytes in such a way that you can produce the original data again from the string via a process as unserialization.

• After you have the ability to serialize/unserialize, you can store your serialized string anywhere and recreate a copy of the data again when needed.

  .php

  <?php
  echo serialize(array("Red"));
  ?>
  

  O/P

  a:1:{i:0;s:3:"Red";}
  

• O/P means:

  • a:1 - array - There are 1 array.
  • i:0 - item - This is 0th item.
  • s:3 - string - There are 3 string in "Red".

10. Define method overriding.

• In function overriding, both parent and child classes should have same function name with and number of arguments.
• It is used to replace parent method in child class.
• The purpose of overriding is to change the behavior of parent class method.

• The two methods with the same name and same parameter is called overriding.

  .php

  <?php
  class First {
  function func() {
  echo "Hello World";
  }
  }
  
  class Second extends First {
  function func() {
  echo "Bye World";
  }
  }
  
  $f = new First;
  $s = new Second;
  $f->func();
  $s->func();
  

O/P

Hello World
Bye World

12. What is object cloning? Describe with example.

• Object cloning is the process in PHP to create a copy of an object.

• An object copy is created by using the clone keyword when the object is cloned PHP will perform Shallow copy of all the object properties and properties that are referenced to their variables will remain references.

  .php

  <?php
  class Obj {
  public $name;
  }
  
  $o = new Obj;
  $c = clone $o;
  
  $o->name = "Jonney";
  $c->name = "Jone";
  
  echo "Origenal: ".$o->name.", Clone: ".$c->name;
  ?>
  

13. Define the terms:

(i) Object

Objects are the things you create out of a class.

(ii) Class

A class is what you use to define the properties, methods and behavior of objects.

(iii) Inheritance

• The old class is the base class, also called as parent class or super class, and the new class is the derived class also called as child class or sub class.

(iv) Constructor.

• When we create a new object it is useful to initialize its properties.
• PHP provides us with a special method to help initialize an object's properties called a constructor.

16. Differentiate between constructor and destructor.

• constructor - When we create a new object it is useful to initialize its properties.

• destructor - The destructor method will be called as soon as there are no other references to a particular object.

  .php

  <?php
  class Obj {
  function __construct() {
  echo "Class created";
  }
  
  function __destruct() {
  echo "Class destroyed";
  }
  }
  
  $o = new Obj;
  ?>
  

O/P

Class Created
Class Destroyed

17. Compare object and class.

• A class is what you use to define the properties, methods and behavior of objects.
• Objects are the things you create out of a class.

18. How to examine classes in introspection? Explain with example.

• PHP Introspection is the ability of a program to examine an object's characteristics such as its name, parent class (if any), properties and methods.

• Introspection in PHP offers a useful Ability to examine classes' interfaces properties methods. With introspection we can write code that operates on any object or class.

  .php

  <?php
  class Obj {}
  
  class Obj2 extends Obj {
  public $hello = "world";
  function func() {}
  }
  $o = new Obj2;
  
  if (class_exists('Obj2')) {
  echo "Class exists";
  }
  if (is_object($o)) {
  echo "Is object";
  }
  
  print_r(get_class($o));
  print_r(get_class_methods($o));
  print_r(get_class_vars('Obj'));
  print_r(get_parent_class($o));
  ?>
  

O/P

class exists
Is object
Obj2
Array ( [0] => func )
Array ( [hello] => world )
Obj

Examining an Object

• is_object() - Checks if an object.
• get_class() - Return object's class name.
• method_exists() - Checks if method exists.

• class_exists() - Checks if class exists.

  .php

  <?php
  class Obj {
  function func() {
  echo "Hello World";
  }
  }
  
  $o = new Obj;
  echo is_object($o);
  echo get_class($o);
  echo method_exists($o, 'func');
  echo class_exists('Obj');
  

O/P

1
Obj
1
1

4. Creating and Validating forms

1. What is form? How to create it?

What is form?

• Forms are essential parts in web development. Forms are used to get input from the user and submi it to the web server for processing.
• Forms are used to communicate between users and the server.

How to create it?

• A document that containing blank fields, that the user can fill the data or user can select the data. It is known as Form.
• Generally, the data will store in the database. We can create and use forms in PHP. To get form data, we need to use PHP superglobals $_GETand $_POST

• The form request may be get or post. To retrieve data from get request, we need to use $_GET, for post request $_POST

  .php

  <form action="<?php $_SELF_PHP ?>" method="post">
  <input type="text" name="name">
  <input type="submit">
  </form>
  
  <?php
  if (isset($_POST["name"])) {
  echo "Your name is: ".$_POST["name"];
  }
  ?>
  

2. What is form control?

• There are different types of form controls that we can use to collect data using form namely, Textbox, Checkbox, Radio button, and so on.
• TEXTBOX - A text input field allows the user to enter a singel text.
• TEXTAREA - A textarea field is similar a text input field but it allows the user to enter multiple lines of text.
• RADIO BUTTON - The radio buttons are for single choice from multiple options. All radio buttons in the group have the same name attribute.
• CHECKBOX - A checkbox field is a simple toggle button. It can be either ON or OFF. The value attribute should contain the value that will be sent to the server when the checkbox is selected.
• LIST - There are two type of list:
  • Singleline LIST - The list represents a Windows control to display a list of items to a user. A user can select an item from the list.
  • Multiline LIST - A multi-select list allows the user to select multiple items. To turn a normal list into a multi-select list, add the attribute multiple with a value of "multiple" to the select element.

3. Write short note on: Server role.

• PHP is a server-side scripting language.
• Using PHP we can create dynamic web sites.
• That means its processing happens in the server by consuming server's resources and sends only the output to the client.

5. When to use GET and POST method.

GET

• It sends the encoded user information appended to the page request (to the URL).
• The page and the encoded information are separated by the ? character.
• The GET method produces a long string the appears in our server logs, in the browser' location box.
• The GET method is restricted to send up to 1024 characters only.
• Never use GET method if we have password or other sensitive information.
• GET cannot be used to send binary data to the server.
• The php provides $_GET assoiative array to a access all the sent information using GET method.

• Example:

  .php

  <form action="<?php $_PHP_SELF ?>" method="GET">
      Name: <input type="text" name="name">
      <input type="submit">
  </form>
  
  <?php
  if ($_GET["name"]) {
      echo $_GET["name"];
  }
  ?>
  

• Output:

  Name: Joey
  Submit
  
  Joey
  

POST

• It transfers information via HTTP header, not throought the URL.
• The POST method does not have any restriction on data size.
• The POST method can be used to send ASCII as well as binary data.
• The data sent by POST method goes through HTTP header, so security depends on HTTP protocol.
• By using secure HTTP, we can make sure that our information is secure.
• The PHP provides $_POST associative array to access all the sent information using POST method.

• Example:

  .php

  <form action="<?php $_PHP_SELF ?>" method="post">
      Name: <input type="text" name="name">
      <input type="submit">
  </form>
  
  <?php
  if ($_POST["name"]) {
      echo $_POST["name"];
  }
  ?>
  

• Output

  Name: Joey
  Submit
  
  Joey
  

7. What is cookie? How to create it? Explain with example.

What is cookie?

• Cookie save the data in browser, so next time refresh the browser it will not delete from browser.
• Cookie is used to identify the user.
• A cookie is a small file that server embeds to user's computer.
• Each time the same computer requests a page with a browser, it will send the cookie too.

How to create it?

• Use setcookie function to create cookie.

• Syntex:

  setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, $time, $location)
  

Example

<?php
setcookie("name", "Jonney", time() + (86400 * 30), "/");
if (isset($_COOKIE["name"])) {
  echo "Name: ".$_COOKIE["name"];
}

O/P

Name: Jonney

8. What is session? Explain with example.

• A session is a way to store information in variables to be used across multiple pages.
• Sessions allow us to store data on the web server that associated with a session ID.
• Once we create a session, PHP sends a cookie that contains the session ID to the web browser.
• A session is started with the session_start() function.

• The session_start() function first checks if a session is already started and if none is started then it starts one.

  .php

  <?php
  session_start()
  ?>
  <?php
  $_SESSION["name"] = "Jonney";
  echo "Name: ".$_SESSION["name"];
  ?>
  

  O/P

  Name: Jonney
  

9. How we can get the cookie values and destroy the cookies?

To get cookie value.

<?php
setcookie("name", "Jonney", time() + (83400 * 30), "/");

if ( isset($_COOKIE["name"]) ) {
  echo "Name: ".$_COOKIE["name"];
}
?>

To destroy the cookie.

<?php
setcookie("name", "", time() - 3600, "/");
?>

11. What is form validation? Explain with suitable example.

• For validating a web page we use preg_match() function.

• The preg_match() function searches string for pattern, returning true if pattern exists, and false otherwise.

  .php

  <form action="<?php $_PHP_SELF ?>" method="post">
  <input type="text" name="name" required>
  <input type="submit">
  </form>
  
  <?php
  if ( isset($_POST["name"]) ) {
  if ( !preg_match("/^[a-zA-Z_ ]*$/", $_POST["name"]) ) {
  echo "Only Words and Whitespaces are allowed.";
  }
  }
  ?>
  

14. How to send e-mail? Describe with example.

• mail() function is useful to sending the mail.

• Syntex:

  .php

  mail($to, $subject, $message, $header, $parametes);
  

• mail() function parametes:

  • to - represents the address of receiver.
  • subject - it specifies the subject of mail.
  • message - it defines the message which is to be sent.
  • headers - it is optional and specifies the additional headers like Cc, Bcc.

  • parameters - it is optional and specifies the additional parameters.

    .php

    <?php
    $sent = mail("AnzenKodo@altmail.com", "Title", "Message");
    
    if (!$sent) {
    echo "Message is not sent.";
    } else {
    echo "Message is sent.";
    }
    

O/P

Message is sent.

5. Database Operations

1. What is database?

• A database is a collection of related data.
• A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed and updated.
• With PHP, we can connect to and manipulate databases.

2. What is DBMS?

• A DataBase Management System (DBMS) is system software for creating and managing databases.
• The DBMS provides users and programmers with a systematic way to create, retrieve, update and manage data.

3. What is MySQL? How it is used in PHP?

• MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS).
• It is the most popular database system used with PHP.

• Using my sql:

  .php

  <?php
  // Creating connection
  $conn = mysqli_connect("localhost", "root", "", "test");
  
  // Checking connection
  if (!$conn) {
      die("Connection failed.");
  }
  echo "Connected successfully";
  ?>
  

4. How to create and delete a database in MySQL?

• We can create a MySQL database by using MySQL Command Line Client.
• Open the MySQL console and write down password, if we set one while installation.
• We will get the following:
  • To create the data base enter CREATE DATABASE database_name
  • To check the database is crated enter SHOW DATABASES

• Creating database through php:

  .php

  <?php
  $conn = mysqli_connect("localhost", "root", "", "test");
  
  if (!$conn) {
  die("Can't connect to MySQL ");
  }
  
  $sql = "CRATE DATABASE emp";
  
  if (!mysqli_query($conn, $sql)) {
  die("Can't create database ".mysqli_error($conn);
  }
  
  echo "Created database <br/>";
  ?>
  

O/P

  Created database

5. Explain mysqli_connect() function with example.

• The mysqli_connect() function is used to connect with MySQL database.
• It returns resource if connection is established or null.
• Syntax: mysqli_connect(server, username, password, dbname, port, socket)

• Example:

  .php

  <?php
  $conn = mysqli_connect("localhost", "root", "", "test");
  
  if (!$conn) {
  echo "Can't connect to database.";
  exit();
  } else {
  echo "Databse is connected.";
  }
  mysqli_close($conn);
  

7. Write a program to create an employee table to perform insert, delete and update operations.

<?php
// Connect MySQL
$conn = mysqli_connect("localhost", "root", "", "test");
if (!$conn) {
  echo "Error: ".mysqli_error($conn);
}

// Create table
$table = "CREATE TABLE employee(id INT(4), name VARCHAR(22), salary INT(4))";
if (!mysqli_query($conn, $table)) {
  echo "Can't create table.";
}
echo "Created table<br/>";

// Insert data
$insert = "INSERT INTO employee(id, name, salary) VALUES (1, 'Sam', 3200), (2, 'Jonney', 4500), (3, 'Jone', 2000)";
if (!mysqli_query($conn, $insert)) {
  echo "Can't insert data.";
}

// Dalete data
$delete = "DELETE FROM employee WHERE id=2";
if (!mysqli_query($conn, $delete)) {
  echo "Can't delete data.";
}

// Retrive data
$retrive = "SELECT * FROM employee";
$result = mysqli_query($conn, $retrive);

if (mysqli_num_rows($result)) {
  while ($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) {
    echo "Name: ".$row['name'].", Salary: ".$row['salary'].", ID: ".$row['id']."</br>";
  }
}
?>

PHP

Attempt any FIVE :

(a) Describe advantage of PHP.

• Web Application Features - PHP is a programming language support most commonly used Web application features like HTTP Cookie, Session, File Upload, etc.
• CLI (Command Line Interface) - PHP is commonly used to write Web applications to be integrated to Web servers using the Common Gateway Interface (CGI).
• Built-in Modules - The standard PHP build comes with many free and open source libraries included as built-in modules.
• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) - PHP supports object-oriented programming features like object.
• Pre-Compilation - PHP Web applications are usually deployed in source code, which will be interpreted on-the-fly when Web requests arrive to the server.
• Real Time Access Monitoring - PHP provides access logging by creating the summary of recent accesses for the user.
• File I/O - PHP supports most commonly used file I/O features like local file and path management, remote resource access using Internet protocols like HTTP and FTP.

(b) What is array ? How to store data in array ?

• An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time.

• To create array we use array() function.

  .php

  <?php
  $array = array("Hello", "World");
  print_r($array);
  

  O/P

  Array ( [0] => "Hello", [1] => "World" )
  

(c) List types of inheritance.

• Single
• Multiple
• Multilevel Inheritance.

(d) How can we destroy cookies ?

• To delete cookie, we can use setcookie function with expiration date in

  .php

  <?php
  setcookie("name", "", time() - 3600, "/");
  ?>
  

(e) List any four data types in MySQL.

• int
• float
• char
• json
• boolean
• xml

(f) Write syntax of PHP.

<?php
$hello = "Hello World";
?>

(g) How to create session variable in PHP ?

A session is a way to store information in variables to be used across multiple pages.

<?php
session_start();

$_SESSION["color"] = "Red";
$_SESSION["animal"] = "Cat";
echo $_SESSION["color"]." ".$_SESSION["animal"];
?>

2. Attempt any THREE :

(a) Write down rules for declaring PHP variable.

• A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable.
• A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character.
• A variable name cannot start with a number.

(b) Write a program to create associative array in PHP.

Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign to them.

<?php
$a = array("Red"=>1, "Blue"=>2, "Green"=>3);
echo $a["Red"].$a["Blue"],$a["Green"];

O/P

123

(c) Define Introspection and explain it with suitable example.

• PHP Introspection is the ability of a program to examine an object's characteristics such as its name, parent class (if any), properties and methods.

• Introspection in PHP offers a useful Ability to examine classes' interfaces properties methods. With introspection we can write code that operates on any object or class.

  .php

  <?php
  class Obj {}
  
  class Obj2 extends Obj {
  public $hello = "world";
  function func() {}
  }
  $o = new Obj2;
  
  if (class_exists('Obj2')) {
  echo "Class exists";
  }
  if (is_object($o)) {
  echo "Is object";
  }
  
  print_r(get_class($o));
  print_r(get_class_methods($o));
  print_r(get_class_vars('Obj'));
  print_r(get_parent_class($o));
  ?>
  

O/P

class exists
Is object
Obj2
Array ( [0] => func )
Array ( [hello] => world )
Obj

(d) Write difference between get( ) & post( ) method of form (Any four points).

GET

• It sends the encoded user information appended to the page request (to the URL).
• The page and the encoded information are separated by the ? character.
• The GET method produces a long string the appears in our server logs, in the browser' location box.
• The GET method is restricted to send up to 1024 characters only.
• Never use GET method if we have password or other sensitive information.
• GET cannot be used to send binary data to the server.
• The php provides $_GET assoiative array to a access all the sent information using GET method.

POST

• It transfers information via HTTP header, not throought the URL.
• The POST method does not have any restriction on data size.
• The POST method can be used to send ASCII as well as binary data.
• The data sent by POST method goes through HTTP header, so security depends on HTTP protocol.
• By using secure HTTP, we can make sure that our information is secure.
• The PHP provides $_POST associative array to access all the sent information using POST method.

3. Attempt any THREE :

(a) Define function. How to define user defined function in PHP ? Give example.

A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program.

<?php
function func() {
  echo "Hello World";
}

O/P

Hello World

(b) Explain method overloading with example.

If the derived class is having the same method name as the base class then the method in the derived class takes precedence over or overrides the base class method.

<?php
class First {
  function func() {
    echo "Hello World";
  }
}

class Second extends First {
  function func() {
    echo "Bye World";
  }
}

$o = new Second;
$o->func();

(c) Define session & cookie. Explain use of session start.

What is cookie?

• Cookie save the data in browser, so next time refresh the browser it will not delete from browser.
• Cookie is used to identify the user.
• A cookie is a small file that server embeds to user's computer.
• Each time the same computer requests a page with a browser, it will send the cookie too.

How to create it?

• Use setcookie function to create cookie.

• Syntex:

  setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, $time, $location)
  

Example

<?php
setcookie("name", "Jonney", time() + (86400 * 30), "/");
if (isset($_COOKIE["name"])) {
  echo "Name: ".$_COOKIE["name"];
}

O/P

Name: Jonney

Session

• A session is a way to store information in variables to be used across multiple pages.
• Sessions allow us to store data on the web server that associated with a session ID.
• Once we create a session, PHP sends a cookie that contains the session ID to the web browser.
• A session is started with the session_start() function.

• The session_start() function first checks if a session is already started and if none is started then it starts one.

  .php

  <?php
  session_start()
  ?>
  <?php
  $_SESSION["name"] = "Jonney";
  echo "Name: ".$_SESSION["name"];
  ?>
  

  O/P

  Name: Jonney
  

(d) Explain delete operation of PHP on table data.

• We can create a MySQL database by using MySQL Command Line Client.
• Open the MySQL console and write down password, if we set one while installation.
• We will get the following:
  • To create the data base enter CREATE DATABASE database_name
  • To check the database is crated enter SHOW DATABASES

• Creating database through php:

  .php

  <?php
  $conn = mysqli_connect("localhost", "root", "", "test");
  
  if (!$conn) {
  die("Can't connect to MySQL ");
  }
  
  $sql = "CRATE DATABASE emp";
  
  if (!mysqli_query($conn, $sql)) {
  die("Can't create database ".mysqli_error($conn);
  }
  
  echo "Created database <br/>";
  ?>
  

O/P

  Created database

4. Attempt any THREE :

(a) Write PHP script to sort any five numbers using array function.

<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
sort($cars);
?>

Output:

BMW
Toyota
Volvo

(b) Write PHP program for cloning of an object.

<?php
class Obj {
  public $name;
}

$o = new Obj;
$c = clone $o;

$o->name = "Jonney";
$c->name = "Jone";

echo "Origenal: ".$o->name.", Clone: ".$c->name;
?>

Output:

Origenal: Jonney, Clone: JOne

(c) Create customer form like customer name, address, mobile no, date of birth using different form of input elements & display user inserted values in new PHP form.

<form action="<?php 1_SELF_PHP ?>" method="post">
  Name:
  <input type="text" name="name">
  Sex:
  <input type="radio" name="sex" value="male">Male</input>
  <input type="radio" name="sex" value="female">Female</input>
  Vehical:
  <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle[]" value="bike">Bike</input>
  <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle[]" value="car">Car</input>
  <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle[]" value="scooter">Scooter</input>
  <button name="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

<?php
if ( isset($_POST["submit"]) ) {
  echo $_POST["name"]." is ".$_POST["sex"]." will travel by ";
  foreach ($_POST["vehicle"] as $selected) {
    echo $selected." ";
  }
}
?>

(d) Inserting and retrieving the query result operations.

<?php
$server= "localhost";
$user = "root";
$password = "";
$db = "feedback";
// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($server, $user, $password, $db);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error)
{
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
$sql = INSERT INTO data VALUES('ashok','you are awesome bro');
[if](if) ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE)
{
echo "feedback sucessfully submitted";
}
else
{
echo "Error: " . $sql . "<br>" . $conn->error;
}
$conn->close();
?>

(e) How do you validate user inputs in PHP ?

<form action="<?php $_PHP_SELF ?>" method="post">
  Name:<input type="text" name="name" required>
  <input type="submit">
</form>

<?php
  if (!preg_match("/^[a-zA-Z_ ]*$/", $_POST["name"])) {
    echo "Only letter and whitespace is allowed";
  }
?>

5. Attempt any TWO :

(a) Explain different loops in PHP with example.

while statement

<?php
$num = 0;

while ($num <= 10) {
  echo $num;
  $num++;
}
?>

O/P

012345678910

do while statement

<?php
$x = 1;

do {
  echo "The number is: $x <br>";
  $x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>

O/P

The number is: 1
The number is: 2
The number is: 3
The number is: 4
The number is: 5

for loop

<?php
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {
  echo $i." ";
}
?>

O/P

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(b) How do you connect MySQL database with PHP.

<?php
  // Creating connection
  $conn = mysqli_connect("localhost", "root", "", "test");

  // Checking connection
  if (!$conn) {
      die("Connection failed.");
  }
  echo "Connected successfully";
?>

(c) Create a class as "Percentage" with two properties length & width. Calculate area of rectangle for two objects.

<?php
class Rectangle {
  public $width = 0;
  public $height = 0;

  function setSize($w = 0, $h = 0) {
    $this->width = $w;
    $this->height = $h;
  }

  function getArea() {
    return ($this->width * $this->height);
  }

  function getPerimeter() {
    return ( ($this->width + $this->height) * 2 );
  }

  function isSquare() {
    if ($this->width == $this->height) {
       return true;
     } else {
        return false;
     }
  }

}

6. Attempt any TWO :

(a) Write a PHP program to demonstrate use of cookies.

• Cookie save the data in browser, so next time refresh the browser it will not delete from browser.
• Cookie is used to identify the user.
• A cookie is a small file that server embeds to user's computer.
• Each time the same computer requests a page with a browser, it will send the cookie too.

How to create it?

• Use setcookie function to create cookie.

• Syntex:

  setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, $time, $location)
  

Example

<?php
setcookie("name", "Jonney", time() + (86400 * 30), "/");
if (isset($_COOKIE["name"])) {
  echo "Name: ".$_COOKIE["name"];
}

O/P

Name: Jonney

(b) Explain any four string functions in PHP with example.

• strrev() - Reverses a string.
• strpos() - Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string.
• strrpos() - Finds the position of the last occurrence of a string.
• str_replace() - Replaces some characters in a string.

(c) What is inheritance?

• The old class is the base class, also called as parent class or super class, and the new class is the derived class also called as child class or sub class.
• The derived class has its own variables and methods plus variables and methods from the base class.

• The extends keyword is used for the inheritance.

  .php

  <?php
  class Class1 {
  function func() {
  echo "Hello World";
  }
  }
  
  class Class2 extends Class1 {
  function echo() {
  echo "Bye World";
  }
  }
  
  $o = new Class2;
  $o->func();
  $o->echo();
  

O/P

Hello World
Bye World

(ii) Write update operation on table data.

<?php
// Connect MySQL
$conn = mysqli_connect("localhost", "root", "", "test");
if (!$conn) {
  echo "Error: ".mysqli_error($conn);
}

// Create table
$table = "CREATE TABLE employee(id INT(4), name VARCHAR(22), salary INT(4))";
if (!mysqli_query($conn, $table)) {
  echo "Can't create table.";
}
echo "Created table<br/>";

// Insert data
$insert = "INSERT INTO employee(id, name, salary) VALUES (1, 'Sam', 3200), (2, 'Jonney', 4500), (3, 'Jone', 2000)";
if (!mysqli_query($conn, $insert)) {
  echo "Can't insert data.";
}

// Dalete data
$delete = "DELETE FROM employee WHERE id=2";
if (!mysqli_query($conn, $delete)) {
  echo "Can't delete data.";
}

// Retrive data
$retrive = "SELECT * FROM employee";
$result = mysqli_query($conn, $retrive);

if (mysqli_num_rows($result)) {
  while ($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)) {
    echo "Name: ".$row['name'].", Salary: ".$row['salary'].", ID: ".$row['id']."</br>";
  }
}
?>

1. Write a PHP program using expressions and operator (ternary operator, arithmetic operators and comparison operators)

<?php
  echo 1 > 2 ? 1 : 2;
  echo "<br>";
  echo 1 + 2;
?>

O/P

2
3

2. Write a PHP program to the use of decision making and control structures using:

if statement

<?php
$x = 1;
if ($x > 0) {
  echo "The number is positive";
}

O/P

The number is positive

if else statement

<?php
$x = "August";

if ($x > 0) {
  echo "The number is positive";
} else {
  echo "The number is negative";
}
?>

O/P

Happy Independence Day!!!

if elseif if statement

<?php
$x = "August";

if ($x > 0) {
  echo "The number is positive";
} elseif ( $x < 0 ) {
  echo "The number is negative";
} else {
  echo "The value is not number";
}
?>

O/P

The number is positive

switch case statement

<?php
$n = "Monday";

switch($n) {
  case "Monday":
    echo "Its Monday";
    break;
  case "Tuesday":
    echo "Its Tuesday";
    break;
  case "Wednesday":
    echo "Its Wednesday";
    break;
  case "Thuesday":
    echo "Its Thuesday";
    break;
  case "Friday":
    echo "Its Friday";
    break;
  case "Saturday":
    echo "Its Saturday";
    break;
  case "Sunday":
    echo "Its Suday";
    break;
  default:
    echo "Doesn't exist";
}
?>

O/P

Its Monday

3. Write a PHP program to the use of looping structure using:

while statement

<?php
$num = 0;

while ($num <= 10) {
  echo $num;
  $num++;
}
?>

O/P

012345678910

do while statement

<?php
$x = 1;
do {
  echo $x;
  $x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>

O/P

12345

for statement

<?php
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {
  echo $i;
}
?>

O/P

12345678910

4. Write a PHP program to the use of looping structure using for statement, for each statement.

for statement

<?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 5; $x++) {
  echo $x;
}
?>

O/P

012345

foreach statement

<?php
$a = array("Hello", "World");

foreach ($a as $b) {
  echo $b." ";
}
?>

O/P

Hello World

5. Write a PHP program for creating and manipulating , associative array and multidimensional array.

Indexed array

<?php
$a = array("Red", "Blue", "Green");
echo "My fav color is: ".$a[0];
?>

O/P

My fav color is: Red

Associative arrays

<?php
$a = array("Red"=>1, "Blue"=>2, "Green"=>3);
echo $a["Red"].$a["Blue"],$a["Green"];
?>

O/P

123

Multidimensional array

<?php
$a = array(array("Red", "Blue", "Green"));
echo "My fav color is: ".$a[0][1];
?>

O/P

My fav color is: Blue

6. Write a PHP program to calculate

Length of string

<?php
  echo strlen("Hello world!");
?>

O/P

12

Count the no of words in string

<?php
  echo str_word_count("Hello world!");
?>

O/P

2

Compare two string using string function.

<?php
  echo strcmp("Hello world!", "Hello world");
?>

O/P

0

7. Write a PHP program using following string function:

• strrev()
• strpos()
• strrpos()
• str_replace()
• ucwords()
• strtoupper()

• strtolower()

  .php

  <?php
  echo strrev("Hello world!")."</br>";
  echo strpos("Hello world!", "world")."</br>";
  echo strrpos("I love php, I love php too!","php")."</br>";
  echo str_replace("world", "bvit", "Hello world!")."</br>";
  echo ucwords("Welcome to php world")."</br>";
  echo strtoupper("Information Technology")."</br>";
  echo strtolower("INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY")."</br>";
  ?>
  

  O/P

  !dlrow olleH
  6
  19
  Hello bvit!
  Welcome To Php World
  INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
  information technology
  

8. Write a PHP program to use: and anonymous function.

User define function

<?php
  function writeMessage() {
    echo "Welcome to PHP world";
  }
  writeMessage();
?>

O/P

Welcome to PHP world

Variable function

<?php
  function writeMessage() {
    echo "Welcome to PHP world";
  }

  $w = "writeMessage";
  $w();
?>

O/P

Welcome to PHP world

Anonymous function

<?php
  $a=function() { echo "Anonymous function"; };
  $a();
?>

O/P

Anonymous function

9. Write a PHP program to create PDF document by using graphics concept.

<?php
  require('fpdf.php');
  $pdf = new FPDF();
  $pdf->AddPage();
  $pdf->SetFont('Arial','B',16);
  $pdf->Cell(40,10,'Hello World!');
  $pdf->Output();
?>

O/P

Hello World

10. Write a PHP program

a) To inherit member of superclass in subclass

<?php
class Class1 {
  function func() {
    echo "Hello World";
  }
}

class Class2 extends Class1 {
  function echo() {
    echo "Bye World";
  }
}

$o = new Class2;
$o->func();
$o->echo();
?>

O/P

Hello World
Bye World

b) Create constructor to initialize object of class by using object oriented concept.

<?php
class Obj {
  public function __construct($name, $surname) {
    $this->name=$name;
    $this->surname=$surname;
  }
  public function showName() {
    echo "My name is ".$this->name." ".$this->surname;
  }
}

$sid=new Obj("Aman","Varma");
$sid->showName();
?>

O/P

My name is Aman Varma

11. Write a PHP program on

Introspection

<?php
if (!class_exists("Obj")) {
  echo "Class don't exists."
}
?>

O/P

Class don't exists

Serialization.

<?php
echo serialize(array("Red"));
?>

O/P

a:1:{i:0;s:3:"Red";}

12. Design a web page using following form controls:

• a) Textbox
• b) Radio button
• c) Check box

• d) Button

  .php

  <form action="<?php 1_SELF_PHP ?>" method="post">
  Name:
  <input type="text" name="name">
  Sex:
  <input type="radio" name="sex" value="male">Male</input>
  <input type="radio" name="sex" value="female">Female</input>
  Vehical:
  <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle[]" value="bike">Bike</input>
  <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle[]" value="car">Car</input>
  <input type="checkbox" name="vehicle[]" value="scooter">Scooter</input>
  <button name="submit">Submit</button>
  </form>
  
  <?php
  if ( isset($_POST["submit"]) ) {
  echo $_POST["name"]." is ".$_POST["sex"]." will travel by ";
  foreach ($_POST["vehicle"] as $selected) {
  echo $selected." ";
  }
  }
  ?>
  

13. Design a web page using following form controls:

• a) List box

• b) Hidden field box

  .php

  <form action="<? $_PHP_SELF ?>" method="post">
  <input type="hidden" name="name" value="Jone">
  <select name="foods">
  <option value="Tomatoes">Tomatoes</option>
  <option value="Cucumbers">Cucumbers</option>
  <option value="Celery">Celery</option>
  </select>
  <br>
  <input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit"/>
  </form>
  
  <?php
  if( isset($_POST["foods"]) ) {
  echo $_POST["name"]." have chosen ".$_POST["foods"];
  }
  ?>
  

14. Develop a web page with data validation.

<form action="<?php $_PHP_SELF ?>" method="post">
  Name:<input type="text" name="name" required>
  <input type="submit">
</form>

<?php
  if (!preg_match("/^[a-zA-Z_ ]*$/", $_POST["name"])) {
    echo "Only letter and whitespace is allowed";
  }
?>

15. Write a PHP program to:

Create cookies

<?php
setcookie("name", "Jone", time() + (86400 * 30), "/");
?>
<?php
if (isset($_COOKIE["name"])) {
  echo "Name: ".$_COOKIE["name"];
}
?>

O/P

Name: Jone

• Modify cookies value Set cookie agien with setcookie function.

• Delete cookies

  .php

  <?php
  setcookie("name", "", time() - 3600, "/");
  ?>
  <?php
  if (isset($_COOKIE["name"])) {
  echo "Name: ".$_COOKIE["name"];
  } else {
  echo "Cookie is not set.";
  ?>
  

  O/P

  Cookie is not set.
  

16. Write a PHP program to:

• Start session
• Get session variable

• Destroy session

  .php

  <?php
  session_start();
  
  $_SESSION["color"] = "Red";
  $_SESSION["animal"] = "Lion";
  
  echo $_SESSION["color"]." ".$_SESSION["animal"];
  
  session_unset();
  session_destroy();
  ?>
  

O/P

Red Lion

17. Write a PHP program for sending and receiving plain text message (sending email).

<?php
  $status = mail("AnzenKodo@altmail.com", "Title", "Hello World");
  if ($status) {
    echo "Mail is sent.";
  } else {
    echo "Mail can't be sent";
  }
?>